Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): SJESR - March 2026
Articles

A modified image watermarking method with compressed watermark based on DCT-SVD transforms

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  • Sahar Khalid Ahmed

Published 2026-03-30

Keywords

  • Array,
  • Array,
  • Array,
  • Array

Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research

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How to Cite

A modified image watermarking method with compressed watermark based on DCT-SVD transforms. (2026). Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research, 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.65115/ft8tx819

Abstract

In this work, an enhanced watermarking method is proposed. The SVD transform is utilized to compress the watermark image, so the capacity, imperceptibility, and security are increased. The cover image is separated into blocks, and the embedding is carried out on the highest variance blocks to increase the imperceptibility of the method. The selected blocks are transformed using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a matrix including the DC coefficients is created, and transformed by the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The compressed watermark’s principal components are embedded into the singular values of the cover image. A robust method is obtained by using the DCT-SVD transforms. A watermark with different sizes can be embedded without association with the number of image blocks, while the size of the watermark in a similar method is restricted by the number of cover image blocks in rows and columns. High Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values are demonstrated by experimental results lying in the range (45.5-48.5) for the watermarked images of size 512*512 and a watermark of size 64*64, and it is possible to extract an acceptable quality watermark from the attacked image.

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